Killing of Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium tuberculosis by a Mycobacteriophage Delivered by a Nonvirulent Mycobacterium: A Model for Phage Therapy of Intracellular Bacterial Pathogens

Lawrence Broxmeyer, Danuta Sosnowska, Elizabeth Miltner, Ofelia Chacon, Dirk Wagner, Jeffery McGarvey, Raul G. Barletta, and Luiz E. Bermudez

Killing of Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium tuberculosis by a Mycobacteriophage

The Journal of Infectious Diseases

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QUESTIONING THE ZIKA VIRUS

DR. LAWRENCE BROXMEYER, MD

QUESTIONING THE ZIKA.pdf

Broxmeyer L. Questioning the Zika
Virus. J Mol Path Epidemol. 2017, 1:1.

© Under License of Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License

ABSTRACT

A growing body of health officials in Brazil are doubting that the Zika “virus” is responsible for the rise in birth defects in parts of that country. Zika, along with yellow fever, has been tossed into the family Flaviviruses; the Latin “flavus” meaning yellow. But unlike yellow fever, the vast majority of Zika’s symptoms for the last 70 years have been mild to non-existent. Despite disseminations by the lay and scientific press, there are serious questions whether Zika causes microcephaly at all. If by March, 2016 the Brazilian Ministry of Health reported 2,197 suspected cases of microcephaly, only 11.48% of these were Zika-positive. Zika is widespread throughout Brazil and South and Central America, yet the bulk of microcephaly cases are confined to the costal tip of Northeastern Brazil. Furthermore, despite extensive testing, no known mosquito-borne arbovirus or any other virus has to this point been proven to cause Brazilian microcephaly.

While Zika was being portrayed as “the most alarming health crisis to hit Brazil in decades”, tuberculosis and its related mycobacteria were quietly gaining a stranglehold and building an ecologic niche in the very Northeastern region being hit by epidemic microcephaly. Why was this important? With NE Brazilian microcephaly/Zika we are probably dealing with a mosquito-fueled environmental zoonosis – a disease that can be transmitted from animals to humans – such as primates, and to a lesser extent birds (Mycobacterium avium), and rodents (Mycobacterium microti), all mentioned in the Zika literature. Add to this the penchant of Brazilians to illegally capture and keep mycobacterial-laden wild monkies and exotic birds as pets or for revenue,and  you have a potential zoonotic time-bomb ready to explode once the proper vectors presents themselves. Three mosquito vectors have been steadily populating Northeastern Brazil: namely Culex quinquefasciatus, the Aedes aegypti and the Aedes albopictus – all of which have the capacity to transmit viral-like forms of the mycobacteria associated with HIV and through direct laboratory investigation with microcephaly. Perhaps it is time to rethink what’s really behind Brazilian Microcephaly and other symptomatology from the “Zika” agent.

KEYWORDS: The Zika virus; microcephaly; Aedes aegypti; Flaws in Zika diagnostics; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Rhesus monkey; Brazil; CWD mycobacteria; Yellow fever; Flaviviruses; Systemic lupus erythmatosus; SLE; Neurtralization tests.

Received: October 07, 2016; Accepted: November 16, 2016; Published January 02, 2017

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